The role of calcitonin gene–related peptide in peripheral and central pain mechanisms including migraine

Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, is a vital 37-amino acid peptide. It is mainly found in sensory fibers from the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. CGRP also exists in the central nervous system. This peptide is crucial for cardiovascular, digestive, and sensory functions. CGRP's vasodilatory properties are well-known, but its role in pain modulation is gaining attention. Evidence indicates CGRP contributes to peripheral sensitization and increased pain perception. It is involved in neurogenic inflammation and increases during inflammatory and neuropathic pain. CGRP helps facilitate pain transmission in sensory neurons. It also affects second-order pain transmission neurons in the central nervous system. This process can lead to central sensitization, which is important for understanding migraines. Recent studies show that blocking CGRP can reduce migraine symptoms. However, the exact mechanisms of CGRP's involvement in migraines are not yet clear. Clinical relevance: This research highlights CGRP's role in migraine, suggesting potential treatment pathways for patients.