The Interrelationship between Cadmium, Smoking, and Migraine in the ELSA-Brasil Study.

This study looked at how cadmium (Cd) levels and smoking relate to migraines. Researchers analyzed data from 2,750 people in Brazil. They measured serum Cd levels using advanced techniques. Participants reported their smoking habits, including both active and second-hand exposure. They diagnosed migraines based on established international criteria. The team used statistical methods to find connections between Cd levels and migraine occurrence. They found that people with migraines had higher median serum Cd levels. The average age of participants was about 53 years, and slightly over half were women. Overall, 29.1% of participants experienced migraines, including those with probable migraines. The findings suggest that both cadmium exposure and smoking may influence migraine risk. This research highlights the importance of understanding environmental and lifestyle factors in managing migraines effectively. Clinical relevance: This study suggests that reducing cadmium exposure and smoking may help decrease migraine risk.